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What’s in an ���Ϻ�����Ƶ name?

I once asked a snowmachiner heading out on a trail from Nome where he was going.

“Boston,” he said before speeding off.

Not knowing of any Boston within 3,600 miles, I thought I had misheard him.

But later that day I looked at a map of the route of the All-���Ϻ�����Ƶ Sweepstakes dog race that started the next day (the last race was held in 2008). In the middle of the course was a checkpoint: Boston, ���Ϻ�����Ƶ.

A day later, I walked into the Nome library to see if it had U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 567, also known as Donald Orth’s Dictionary of ���Ϻ�����Ƶ Place Names.

The 6 1/2–pound blue book (not recommended for backpacking) listed Boston as a stopping point on the old Nome-to-Candle Trail. A prospector named it sometime before 1902, for the nearby Boston Creek. Like so many other places in ���Ϻ�����Ƶ, the name stuck but the place didn’t.

On the same trip, which involved two weeks of snowmachining on ���Ϻ�����Ƶ’s western coast, we passed through Hamilton, New Hamilton, Nokrot, Klikitarik, Barrabora, Egavik, Walla Walla, Topkok, Belmozok and Ikpek, ���Ϻ�����Ƶ. We didn’t see a soul in any of them. And at most of those places we didn’t even see buildings.

I then looked up the entry for the town in which I was sitting. “Nome” came from the nearby Cape Nome, which a mapmaker wrote after misinterpreting “? Name” written on a nautical chart in the 1850s.

Migrants to the state have made quite a few changes to make the original names easier for non-Natives. An 1880 census map of the lower Kuskokwim River shows the villages of Shineyagamute, Kuskigamute, Iliutagamute, Chimiagamute, Apokagamute, Shevenagamute, Kakhuiyagamute, Akooligamute and Mumtrekhlogamute, the latter of which is now known as Bethel.

Mumtrekhlogamute was erased from the map when two priests of the Moravian church set up a mission there in 1884. They changed the name to reflect a Bible passage: “And God said unto Jacob, Arise, and go up to Bethel.”

That type of alteration was a common theme as ���Ϻ�����Ƶ’s map emerged.

“Many of the Native names . . . are long and unpronounceable by the average English-speaking person,” Orth wrote.

A good number of ���Ϻ�����Ƶ names are the result of white explorers from England, France, Russia and the Lower 48.

But some local names endure. Most names beginning with a K are Native in origin — including Koyukuk, Kuskokwim, Kobuk, Kiska, Kipnuk, Katmai, Kivalina, Kotlik, Kiana, Ketchikan, Koyuk, Kuparuk, Kuskulana and Kodiak.

Natives didn’t draw many maps in the years before white contact, and their place names were often of small features, like a section of river. Many rivers had several names for their different sections, and most landmarks used by Cessna pilots today were overlooked back then.

“Few mountains were named unless they stood alone and had some peculiar characteristic,” Orth wrote. “For foot, boat, or sled travel, there was no need to name large and vague features.”

In the late 1800s, gold seekers named everything they encountered, often for flora and fauna (including 67 Willow creeks and 63 Bear creeks).

Since government geologists and explorers also mapped ���Ϻ�����Ƶ at a time when prospectors were crawling all over it, many of the miners’ names remain.

There are only eight places named for ���Ϻ�����Ƶ, including the ���Ϻ�����Ƶ Range, the ���Ϻ�����Ƶ Peninsula and the Gulf of ���Ϻ�����Ƶ. However, gold diggers named 36 features for California (including more than 26 California creeks).

Even Texas — with 10 namesakes, including a glacier — appears on the map more times than ���Ϻ�����Ƶ.

The 40,000 entries in Orth’s book also might help you name your garage band. Potentials include Tipping Point, Mosquito Flats, Ptarmigan Drop, Noisy Passage, Witches Cauldron, Weeping Wall, The Toadstools and Pensive Pup.

Since the late 1970s, the University of ���Ϻ�����Ƶ Fairbanks Geophysical Institute has provided this column free in cooperation with the ���Ϻ�����Ƶ research community. Ned Rozell is a science writer for the Geophysical Institute. A version of this story appeared in 2008.